Inventory Hakka (SPA 18)

Segment class Segment Marginal Allophones Representation

Consonants (Pulmonic)

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal  Velar  Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ   ʔ  
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r̪ r ʀ
Tap or Flap ⱱ ɾ̪ ɾ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral approximant l̪ l ɭ ʎ ʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)

Clicks Voiced implosives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar
ǁ Alveolar lateral ʛ Uvular

Vowels

Vowel Quadrilateral
Front Central Back Close Close-mid Open-mid Open

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Other Segments

pʰ LATIN SMALL LETTER P - MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
tʰ LATIN SMALL LETTER T - MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
w LATIN SMALL LETTER W
k̟ LATIN SMALL LETTER K - COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW
tsʰ LATIN SMALL LETTER T - LATIN SMALL LETTER S - MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
ts LATIN SMALL LETTER T - LATIN SMALL LETTER S
˧ MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR
mb LATIN SMALL LETTER M - LATIN SMALL LETTER B
nd LATIN SMALL LETTER N - LATIN SMALL LETTER D
˥ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR
m̩ LATIN SMALL LETTER M - COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
ŋ̩ LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG - COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
z̞̩ LATIN SMALL LETTER Z - COMBINING DOWN TACK BELOW - COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW
˧˩ MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR - MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR
˩ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR
k̟ʰ LATIN SMALL LETTER K - COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW - MODIFIER LETTER SMALL H
ŋɡ̟ LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG - LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G - COMBINING PLUS SIGN BELOW